Businesses and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Organizations and Society - Essay Example As the paper plots they additionally need to meet different costs, for example, food just as other related bills from this equivalent pay. Against this setting, it tends to be noticed that the essential issue tended to is that older individuals remain residents of their given networks and they ought to be respected and padded from following through on significant expenses particularly on drugs that are intended to spare their lives from undermining sicknesses. The fundamental ideas being tended to here incorporate the issue of corporate social duty (CSR) and that of profound quality which gets from the idea of morals. There is have to adjust the necessities of the individuals in the general public and the requirement for organizations to be beneficial in an ethical manner. This paper features that Strydom proposes that â€Å"Social obligation is the idea that keeps up that organizations are a piece of the bigger society wherein they exist and are responsible to the general public for their operations.† as such, there is requirement for the associations to find some kind of harmony between the necessities and interests of clients, needs of the earth and the requirement for organizations to understand their money related objectives. This goes connected at the hip with the idea of morals, which is approximately characterized as an endeavor to recognize something that is ethically acceptable from terrible. The issues of profound quality and social obligation have picked up noticeable quality particularly with respect to the manners in which organizations work. There is requirement for organizations to set up generosity with the qualities and standards of some random society it would be working in as a method of advancing shared comprehension. The ac complishment of some random organization would be controlled by its ability to watch the accepted practices of the territories it would be working in.

NeoMed Technologies Essay Essays

NeoMed Technologies Essay Essays NeoMed Technologies Essay NeoMed Technologies Essay NeoMed Technologies built up an analytic gadget utilized for cardiovascular testing. also, is headquartered in Ohio. They built up a CAD screen framework to watch coronary arteria ailment. The organization was established in 2000 and is situated in Cleveland. Ohio. NeoMed Technologies was confronted with a cluster of hard conclusions toward the starting when it came to where their product would exceed fit of rage and be best. They had built up a building that could suit into numerous business sectors. be that as it may, expected to take a product way and market. Their proceeded with difficulties happened because of the modifications in the market method of investment possibilities and the help accessible. all because of changes in the monetary framework at that cut. Because of the inadequacy of help. what's more, a proceeded with decrease in Venture Capital help alongside a downswing in the monetary framework ; I accept had the financial condition of illicit relationships been diverse at the clasp when they required funding support. the would’ve confronted less difficulties. The heading crew and Board of Directors were chosen cautiously and all had the experience and the foundation required for achievement in the product advertise limitless. NeoMed Technologies had a solid concern program. what's more, had led expanded research in starting arranging stages. I accept dependent on the perusing stuffs in this part ; they did quite a few things in the arranging and early advancement stages. In spite of the fact that NeoMed Technologies needed to hypothesize with huge name adversaries and significant members in the demonstrative and imaging business sector, for example, GE Medical and Philips. other than situated in the Ohio part ; their plan to be headquartered in Ohio was a sound assurance. In any case. they should’ve examined further in the opportunity to get funding support outside of the Ohio part. Potentially they could’ve spent more clasp investigating competitory concern occurrences of organizations like adversary. HeartCheck. who has practical experience in the EBCT preliminary. The HeartCheck stock. albeit all the more beyond a reasonable doubt won. had seen achievement and was broadly acknowledged in the Medical field. Regardless of the additional expense of the HeartCheck EBCT preliminary. they were seeing accomplishment in the market. One plan adjustment I would’ve considered at an early stage was non utilizing all assets of their designing into one nation. NeoMed Technologies should’ve considered utilizing their underlying product improvement to the designing of testing for drugs. medicate bringing applications or watching threatening neoplastic ailment. These nations would’ve perchance took into consideration a quick to advertise stock. without the additional favors. quality measures applied in the clinical gear interminable. furthermore, FDA favors required. Offering an easier product for sale to the public premier could’ve got gross to support the since quite a while ago run stock point of convergence of a CAD screen framework. The total compensations from a medication appearing or medication bringing stock could’ve helped with financing their since a long time ago run stock point of convergence. they botched an opportunity to build up a fast gross steam. In add-on. NeoMed Technologies could’ve seen achievement at an opportune time in the Homeland Defense vast. for detecting of nuclear arms. or on the other hand ruined bombs. With the removal in this way in Venture Capital help possibilities. they could’ve experient accomplishment in this nation each piece great. Primary concern. they set up their assets in one place ; they neglected to hold a reinforcement product to build up an expedient gross waterway to additionally subsidize their since quite a while ago run end. Be that as it may. without a gem ball that was a hard assurance. There were away from of removals in contributing possibilities. the removal prosecuted investings being moved towards Homeland Security. military applications. what's more, assurance from arranged organic and substance threats. NeoMed Technologies should change a portion of their assets to building up a product to suit into that nation. accordingly leting them the opportunity to acquire additional funding support. what's more, perhaps building up a gainful product in the Homeland Security boundless. The gross conduit from this product would let them along these lines to proceed with their CAD screen framework. There was another nation of contributing that should’ve been more remote researched. â€Å"Angel Investors† . the greater part of who are Entrepreneurs themselves by and by. or on the other hand sooner or later in their calling. Welcoming one of the Angel financial specialists a spot on the board. each piece great as utilizing the experience they have picked up from get bringing down their ain organization. covering with the difficulties of get bringing down a worry. furthermore, look intoing more distant Venture capital help nations. NeoMed Technologies should’ve connected more remote than simply the Ohio-based Venture Capital houses. this would’ve permitted them a more extensive crowd of financial specialists and possibility. I don’t think keeping off for faultlessness is needfully off base. especially when covering with. furthermore, calculating in the estimation of human life. The NeoMed Technologies leading body of administrators and upper degree course completely seemed to grasp solid moralss and keeping in mind that that may be a neglecting to other people. moralss are of import and should neer be undermined. An excessive number of organizations take the easy route to progress and individuals get injured.

An Overview of Addiction and Treatment

An Overview of Addiction and Treatment More in Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery For a long time, addiction meant an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. More recently, the concept of addiction has expanded to include behaviors, such as gambling, as well as substances, and even ordinary and necessary activities, such as exercise and eating. The key is that the person finds the behavior pleasurable in some way and engages excessively in the behavior as a way of coping with life. By the time a person is addicted, the behavior will be causing more problems in a persons life than it solves. What You Should Know About Addictions While addiction to substances has often appeared clear-cut, theres some controversy about which substances are truly addictive. Current guidelines through the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM 5, indicate that most psychoactive substances, including medications, have the potential to be addictive. What About Behavioral Addictions? There is still much debate about whether many “behavioral” addictions are “true” addictions. More research is needed to clarify this issue. Gambling addiction is a behavioral addiction that has been recognized for many years as an impulse control disorder. It is now categorized as Gambling Disorder in the DSM. Addictions take time to develop. It is unlikely that a person will become addicted after using a substance once, although it is possible to develop a mental health problem or to die of an overdose or another complication after one use of some substances. Although there are some schools of thought that preach the need for complete abstinence, many people are able to learn to control addictive behaviors, such as drinking, eating, shopping, and sex. Whether this is a good idea for you depends on many factors and is best decided in collaboration with your doctor or therapist. Substance use is not always an indication of addiction, although drug use carries numerous health and social risks as well as addiction. Parents shouldnt automatically assume their child has an addiction if they discover their child has used a drug. Can People Really Become Addicted to Everyday Activities? If You Can Be Addicted to Anything, What Makes It an Addiction? Symptoms of addiction can vary, but there are two aspects that all addictions have in common: The Addictive Behavior Is Maladaptive The be causes problems for the individual or those around them. So instead of helping the person cope with situations or overcome problems, it tends to undermine these abilities. For example, a gambler might wish he had more money, yet gambling is more likely to drain his financial resources. A heavy drinker might want to cheer herself up, yet alcohol use can lead to or intensify depression. A sex addict may crave intimacy, yet the focus on sexual acts may prevent real closeness from developing. The Behavior Is Persistent When someone is addicted, he will continue to engage in the addictive behavior, despite the trouble it causes him. So an occasional weekend of self-indulgence is not an addiction, although it may cause different kinds of problems. Addiction is characterized by frequent engagement in the behavior. The Alarming Signs and Symptoms of Addiction to Watch For But If You Still Enjoy It, It Can’t Be an Addiction, Right? Wrong. Because the media, in particular, have portrayed addicts as hopeless, unhappy people whose lives are falling apart, many people with addictions do not believe they are addicted as long as they are enjoying themselves and holding their lives together. Often people’s addictions become ingrained in their lifestyle, to the point where they never or rarely feel withdrawal symptoms. Or they may not recognize their withdrawal symptoms for what they are, putting them down to aging, working too hard, or just not liking mornings. People can go for years without realizing how dependent they are on their addiction. People with illicit addictions may enjoy the secretive nature of their behavior. They may blame society for its narrow-mindedness, choosing to see themselves as free-willed and independent individuals. In reality, addictions tend to limit people’s individuality and freedom as they become more restricted in their behaviors. Going to prison for engaging in an illegal addiction restricts their freedom even more. When people are addicted, their enjoyment often becomes focused on carrying out the addictive behavior and relieving withdrawal, rather than the full range of experiences which form the person’s full potential for happiness. At some point, the addicted person may realize that life has passed them by and that they have missed out on enjoying experiences other than the addiction. This awareness often occurs when people overcome addiction. Overcoming Addiction: How to Get It Under Control for Good What’s the Problem If It Isn’t Doing Any Harm? Addictions harm the person with the addiction and the people around them. The biggest problem is the addicted person’s failure to recognize the harm their addiction is doing. He may be in denial about the negative aspects of his addiction, choosing to ignore the effects on his health, life patterns and relationships. Or he may blame outside circumstances or other people in his lives for his difficulties. The harm caused by addiction is particularly difficult to recognize when addiction is the person’s main way of coping with other problems. Sometimes other problems are directly related to the addiction, such as health problems, and sometimes they are indirectly related to the addiction, for example, relationship problems. Some people who get addicted to substances or activities are very aware of their addictions, and even the harm caused by the addiction, but keep doing the addictive behavior anyway. This can be because they don’t feel they can cope without the addiction, because they are avoiding dealing with some other issue that the addiction distracts them from (such as being abused as a child), or because they do not know how to enjoy life any other way. Addiction Can Lead to Crisis The harm of addiction may only be recognized when the addicted person goes through a crisis. This can happen when the addictive substance or behavior is taken away completely and the person goes into withdrawal and cannot cope. Or it can occur as a consequence of the addiction, such as a serious illness, a partner leaving, or loss of a job. If You Think You Might Have an Addiction It is common, if not normal, to go through a stage of engaging in substance use or an addictive behavior without believing you are addicted. This is so common, in fact, that it has a name, the pre-contemplation stage. If you are starting to think you might have an addiction, you have probably moved into the contemplation stage. This is a great time to find out more about the substance or behavior that you have been engaging in and to reflect honestly on whether you are experiencing any signs or symptoms of addiction. These signs and symptoms vary from one addiction to another, but the most common indicators are that you are engaging in the behavior, or taking more of the substance than you originally intended; that you are preoccupied with the next time you can engage in the behavior or use the substance; and you are putting it ahead of other important parts of your life, such as family, work, and responsibilities. You might also find you are losing interest in other pleasurable activities, compared to the addictive behavior. Many people then decide to make changes. For some people, this is easy and manageable. For many others, quitting can lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, even with behaviors, and can open up uncomfortable feelings that were being soothed or suppressed by the addictive behavior. If this happens, or if you have been drinking or using drugs, such as opioidsâ€"illicit or prescribed, other prescription medications, stimulants, cocaine, or methâ€"you should seek medical help immediately. Stopping some drugs then relapsing can heighten your risk of overdose, mental health problems, or other life-threatening medical complications, and should be done under medical supervision. Living With Addiction Some people dont want to change their addictive behavior, or try and try but never seem to be successful at quitting. These people often do better with a harm reduction goal or use self-help resources to manage their addiction. If this sounds like you, remember help is always available. Educating yourself is a good start. You can greatly reduce the amount of harm to yourself and those around you, and maybe one day, you will be ready to change for good. Next Steps to Consider Although it can seem scary, getting an assessment and diagnosis is a good step in terms of getting help. If this isnt for you, you can try self-help groups and connect with others dealing with the same problem. Finding out more about your addiction and what has helped others can also be a good step, and it doesnt require you to talk to anyone else. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell Many people fear the term addiction and believe it is an indication of failure or worthlessness. People with addictions often carry stigma about their behavior, leading to shame and fear of seeking help. The world is changing, and you may find that getting help for your addiction is the best thing you ever do for yourself. In the meantime, we hope that educating yourself will help on your journey to wellness. Quitting an Addiction and Overcoming Obstacles

Homeless Veterans Are Becoming More Prevalent Of The...

INTRODUCTION American homeless veterans are becoming more prevalent in the United States. Research will show that American veterans are an overrepresented population among the homeless in the U.S. A homeless veteran is an individual who lives on the streets, in abandoned buildings, vehicles, encampments, shelters, or transitional housing (Veterans Today, 2013). As a matter of fact, homeless veterans do not have a permanent residence under their control. Homelessness in general includes those who fit what Martha Burt, et al. (2004) called â€Å"street homeless†, which they defined as single adults who spend a lot of time on the streets; and the â€Å"chronically homeless†, which they defined as â€Å"being disabled and either continuously homeless for a year or more or having at least four homeless episodes during the last three years.† In all honesty, cities across the country are faced with challenges and disparities of homeless American veterans. Homelessness is visible in various ways in our local and state communities. It is the empirical individual standing at the intersection holding a printed sign of â€Å"Homeless – God Bless you†, an individual pushing a grocery cart filled with clothing, sticks, and other personal belongings. By the same token, these homeless individuals may also be seen pitching an old make ship tent under overpasses, and in nearby wooded areas. As a United States Veteran, it is discouraging and disheartening to see signs that read â€Å"Homeless Veteran –Show MoreRelatedEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the United States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessnessRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1460 Words   |  6 Pages Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within the veteran community is an issue that is becoming more and more prevalent to the American public. Although there has been an increase interest on military PTSD the issue still suffers a great number of barriers and stigma. The stigma and barriers related to military PTSD have made it difficult for individuals to seek help. Not looking for PTSD treatment can cause long-term effe cts such as, substance abuse, anger management issues, loneliness, severeRead MorePortrayal Of A Multicultural Mindset On A Global And Local Scale1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe movies. Lack of understanding In the United States, being homeless is becoming a common occurrence, even among college students. In the movie The Human Experience, the documentarians were able to experience what is like to be homeless in New York City (Kinnane, The Human Experience). They were able to realize how different these people truly are compared to the preconceived notion humans have on those who are homeless. They didn’t choose to be homeless, it was certain circumstances, which areRead MoreProblem Solution Homelessness Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesof America Homelessness has always been a problem in major cities across the United States and even the world. This problem also affects out local community and even all of us individually. (Daily) A majority of the American people lives paycheck to paycheck, and according to statistics, we are only one or two paychecks away from becoming homeless. While there are many reasons a person or family can become homeless, a majority of those problems come from a lack of income. The job market of todayRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Population1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States spends over a billion dollars each year to assist homeless persons to find permanent supportive housing. Federal programs provide funding for specific sub-groups with the idea that providing housing for these groups will end the national problem. Without continued analysis of the social construction that hinders the homeless population, funding will not reach the target destination resulting in misplaced ef fort. This paper provides an informational and critical analysis of homelessnessRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the societyRead MoreHomelessness Among American Veterans Research2029 Words   |  9 PagesHomelessness Among American Veterans Research Paper An issue that has been around for decades which still remains in the United Sates today is homelessness among veterans. Vanessa Turner has a story that needs to be heard by many. As a homeless veteran, Turner joined the U.S. military in 1997 and later, proudly advanced to the rank of a sergeant. In 2003, Turner suffered from a traumatic injury while serving in Iraq. In suffocating 130-degrees fahrenheit heat, Turner fell into a coma and nearlyRead MoreUnited States Military Soldiers Suffer1404 Words   |  6 PagesMany United States military soldiers suffer, not only from health issues, but also physical workload and finding jobs outside of the military. Many soldiers have lost limbs, and tore their bodies apart for what they believe in. A soldier sacrifices his life, his family, and his career for our life, family and careers. The sacrifices made by the soldier that gives everything up is irreplaceable and once they sign their names to that contract there is no going back. Many soldiers have health problemsRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1560 Words   |  7 Pages and choices of treatment therapies for victims suffering with PTSD will help suffering victims. Throughout the last decade the United States military involvement conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, has put focus on the stress on mental health for returning military members who participated in conflict theater. Although PTSD is not a new phenomenon in the United States, every war that the country has participated in has had some version of the same mental disorder.The ancient Egyptians were someRead MoreDefinition And Categories Of Homelessness2161 Words   |  9 Pageshomerless, whereby they had had a place to sleep with an address. â€Å"The ‘old homeless’ consisted of somewhat older, unmarried, white men who lived in the ‘skid row’ neighborhoods of large cities.(Hubley, Russell, Palepu, Hwang, 2014).† Individuals who lived outside of the communities norms was seen as homeless, although they had a sleep and an address. According to Livingston Miller (2006), the majority of people who are homeless are single men (61%); 15% are single wom en; 15% are women with children;

The High Cost Of College - 1470 Words

Imagine the mixed emotions a student has during his or her first year of college. There is also an unspoken pressure that comes with the accomplishment. One cannot forget the financial troubles that a person is going to put themselves in the hopes of being able to attain a steady career. There are many challenges placed upon college students; college alone in its self is a challenge. Also, a family who is not well endowed does not have the luxury to be able to afford the high cost of college. The majority of the time, first generation college students come from families who financially cannot afford to send them off to college. The financial burdens placed upon most families and the unwelcomed pressure and stress really affect most college†¦show more content†¦It is not enough to simply say how important it is but also build the proper habits and skills to be successful. First generation students have to break through a barrier in order of lacking knowledge and somehow obtai n it. Since most first generation college students only have a general idea of college; a solution can be obtaining any type of knowledge regarding college from people who attend and people who have attended. The advice can vary, from asking about deadlines, enrollment, financial aid, loans, tuition, time management, responsibilities etc. Generally speaking, the majority of college students deal with similar issues. This is very crucial because not only can college students emphasize with you but also can offer their help. The goal is being prepared as much as possible and not dive head first. There is some unwelcomed pressure first generation college students deal with. What may seem like words of encouragement from family and friends can ultimately be added pressure. Vis Versa, a person can fill a person’s head with negative thoughts and cause philological complications. Pressure stems from many different sources. Depending on the person determines how much an individual c an handle. Most first-generation students feel the constant pressure of feeling like they need to graduate as soon as possible because the bad a bad situation they may beShow MoreRelatedIs The Cost Of College Too High?1666 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Cost of College too high? College can further education, but it can lead students in the direction of debt in the future. College is not for everyone, but a majority of people choose to further their education. Education is not cheap, but should that change a students decision? Students should be concerned about the price of college and think about the long term pros and cons. College leaves many students in debt after they graduate. Being in debt can affect peoples lives dramatically, butRead MoreThe High Cost of College Tuition540 Words   |  2 PagesCollege Tuition The cost of college education in the 21st century is absolutely ridiculous. although colleges have to make money to support things like sports, it is making it so more and more kids arent going to college, and the kids who do go are coming out with huge amounts of debt. People who go to college arent coming out with the job that they think they deserve, which is leading to lower income, and a harder time paying off their college debt. The first part of this paper is going toRead MoreHigh Cost of College Textbooks Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesThe High Cost of College Textbooks Thomas Jefferson said that â€Å" Books Constitute Capital !†, and by that saying from over one hundred years ago it still stands today. The high cost of college textbooks is not only an issue here at Delgado Community College, but with almost every college student across the nation. Rather new or used textbooks are overpriced, but students can save money by buying digital textbooks. One of the main reasons why college textbooks are so expensive is because they areRead MoreThe Cost Of College Is Too High For Every Student1342 Words   |  6 PagesToday, degrees are reflecting strongly on people’s lives. The cost of college has become too high for every student or parent to afford, which makes it impossible for everyone to obtain a degree. College level has become too tough and beyond student’s reach and abilities, not anyone who obtaining a degree can get through other majors, such as physics or math, degrees don’t evaluate your skills neither your efforts. For the most important, jobs in our market have been evaluating their applicants’Read MoreWhat Are The Effects Of High College Tuition Costs On The1466 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the effects of high college tuition costs on the economy? The fundamental aim of obtaining a higher education in this country has been to prepare and educate young Americans to accept and consider productive and proactive roles in the workforce, to strengthen our communities and nation as a whole, to contribute to our domestic and international economic competitiveness and to enrich our lives to the very fullest. As part of the perception of the American dream of â€Å"opportunity for allRead More College Fraternities and Sororities - The High Cost of Social Acceptance1759 Words   |  8 PagesCollege Fraternities and Sororities - The High Cost of Social Acceptance College students who choose to join fraternities or sororities do so because of their need for social acceptance. I am personally against fraternities and sororities. I feel that it is money spent for the purpose of â€Å"buying† friends. There are many ways to meet interesting people other than devoting all of your time and money to a club in order to do so. Perhaps the people who join these groups have low self-esteemRead MoreWith Tuition Costs at an all Time High, Is College Really Worth It?872 Words   |  4 Pagestheir children to go to college and become a professional. But in this new age economic crisis, is college really worth it? Tuition costs are rising to a criminally high price have everyone arguing. Is college really a good investment? Well in a very short way, Yes it is. An investment that makes you 500,000 to a million dollar lifetime payout is uncomparable. In the end, today an average college graduate will make far more over the course of his or he r life than the average high-school graduate whoRead MoreCost Of Higher Learning At College1491 Words   |  6 PagesCost of Higher Learning In order to have a better life and a better job today, a high school degree is usually not enough. Many people dream about having a college degree, but the costs of education being too high, could turn those dreams into a nightmare. It is no secret that a college education is expensive, and in the past few years, it has hit an all-time high with no signs of slowing down. The average college tuition cost in America universities and colleges continues to rise yearly. Many studentsRead MoreCollege Costs Are Out Of Control Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pages People with college degrees are paid 80% more than people with only a high school education. When the college degree is from a more prestigious school, that percentage increases even further (McArdle). Even President Barack Obama acknowledged this in a 2012 speech, saying that â€Å"The incomes of folks with a college degree are twice as high as those who dont have a high-school diploma† (Lemann). While a college education is a good investment for the long run, the cost of college is not a positiveRead MoreGraduation Speech : Education Is Priceless909 Words   |  4 Pagesof a college education in order to have a successful life. Coming from a Filipino household, education was always a top priority. Both of my parents grew up in rural areas of the Philippines and had under privileged lives. Unfortunately, they did not have the chance to attend college, as well as high school. When my parents decided to have me, they wanted me to have the life they wish they had as children. That is why they pushed me to learn as much as I can in school and to go to college. We are

History of Globalization Free Essays

Globalization history Name: Institution: Scientist may approximate when the world was formed but people do not know how true this is. However, one thing is very clear; the way of our lives have changed from the most primitive to very a very advanced. Presently in the world there are sectors that are more developed more than others owing to some reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalization is responsible for all these developments that have occurred at different paces (Appadurai, 2003). Globalization is the difference of time and the evolution of world. Hence its’ a term used to explain how the world is today, and changes that have occurred right from the ancient days to the present day. In a superficial description, globalization is a phenomenon that has produced fundamental changes within societies. It covers a range of social, economic and political changes. Thus, global history focuses on the human history and historic developments from many past decades, though to some people it is a product of modern forces of change which cannot be projected all the way back to the old decades. Globalization is no more set in stone than global history and concept; it is accompanied by other concepts like information society, post industrial age, post modern age, and so on. Globalization is not a member of an archive in history, but it remains more of an explanatory, overarching concept for a series of actual processes of transformation. Globalization is a process that, for a long time, has been evolving. Different ideas and new developments are discovered as time pass (Teichmann, 2003). The economy, politics culture and military complexes follow their trends. Though all these depend on where they are situated, the time and social class. Therefore globalization is an open process that transforms the economic, political, social, cultural and military institutions, which may be organizations like the church, state, family, companies and so forth. The major roles of globalization are the expansion concentration and acceleration of worldwide relations. One of its characteristics is its influence on everything covered by rubric of culture. The cultural globalization is normally driven by the communication technology and worldwide marketing of western cultural industries. This was understood at the first process of normalization, as the global domination of Americans. It was at the expense of the traditional diversity. Then there was a difference and movements that started protesting against globalization and supporting local uniqueness, individuality and identity. The movements used same technologies to pursue their own goal and they would ask for the world’s opinion. Roland Robertson termed this as â€Å"Univesalization† (Global policy forum, 2005). Globalization is traced far back in the emergence of Homo sapiens and the migration out of Africa to the world. Globalization is suggested as the process of migration was the central globalization driver, as it linked processes of demographic expansion and increasing density of human habitation. Through this, the population increased and the intermingling of different people brought some old behaviors to an end. There is a near endless array of things that can be done to deal with global political problems, but space constraints have always limited us to issues of accountability and transparency. And people adapted to new adaptations, which are not constant and they vary with time. Through globalization the results of cultural change can be interpreted as hybridity. This means that new cultural elements being creatively adapted to mesh with existing ones and the people gradually adopt to the swiftly changing behavior. Most authors have described globalization as a fundamental change of categories of time and space, extensive use of electronic mail and the reduction in telephone fees has created and shared immediacy and a virtual togetherness, produces fundamentals for worldwide social relations. This has increased speed of communication. In the economic globalization, there has been advancement in modes of transportation and technology, which have given free market ideology which has brought about fair trades and services. Supply and demand have become very effective due to the liberation of market sources from governmental regulations. Most countries have taken the advantage of globalization. There is also the advantageous use of the international financial institutions and regional trade agreements for assisting poor countries to reduce tariffs, to privatize state enterprises, and relax environmental and labor standards. The results increase in profits for investors but offered pittances to laborers (Ritzer, 2010). There has been improvement in the world of agriculture as compared to historic days for instance the people of Mesopotamia used to use the ‘shadoff’ method of irrigation, through globalization better methods have been researched and developed like the use of water sprinklers, drip irrigation method just to mention. More so there has been the development of high breed seed that assist the farmers get high yields of harvest. There are machinery powers that are used like the use tractors in ploughing the land and use combined harvesters to harvest wheat. This has drastically slowed down some cruel businesses like the slave trade and also slavery. In the traditional era, politics was conducted by the national governments, who were responsible for maintaining security and economic welfare of its citizens, land issues and also the human rights. Through globalization changes have occurred and this has forced the political activity to change also. Politics has taken place through political integration schemes like united nations (U. N), European Union NGOs ,World bank and international monetary fund, just to mention, more so civil societies organizations act all over the world by forming alliances with organizations in other countries instead of working through their governments. There will always be differences of the globalization ideas, being a series of academic literatures, across political, economy and social science that are more specifically concerned with post second international economic development and politics. Globalization theories see the process as driven by multiple transformations in human life, and it’s very difficult to unpick the factor which tends to be a key driver. Though that does not mean we at times are militant opponents of globalization. Globalization is reflexive to people; people self consciously orient themselves to the world. For example, in businesses people explore global markets. People meet in trade fairs. There are inter marriages, inter social mingling, people change ideas and also communication sighs. Globalization contributes to human trafficking, most people through migrations, as people form 3rd world countries want to migrate to well develop countries in such of employment. Then if they fail to get the job they involve themselves with immorality. Also globalization encourages conflicts among different communities, as some communities wants to pose greater than others. This superiority and minority complexes leads to misunderstandings amongst people which lead to tribal wars and so on. On the merit side of globalization, it has brought people through intermingling and there is advancement of communication and information technologies in that References Appadurai, A. (2003). Globalization. Durham [u. a. : Duke Univ. Press. Global policy forum. (2005). Globalization of the Economy. Retrieved March 29, 2013 from http://www. globalpolicy. org/globalization/globalization-of-the-economy-2-1. html Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization: A basic text. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Teichmann, I. (2003). Globalization. North Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media. How to cite History of Globalization, Papers

Make Depth Study About Cloud Computing †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Who Are The Major Beneficiary Of Cloud Computing? What Are The Major Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing? Answers: Introducation Cloud computing is a practice in which a network of remote servers is used through internet for managing, storing and processing of data. This type of services depends on sharing of various computing resources instead of relying upon any local servers for handling diverse applications (Mell and Grance, 2011). The cloud computing can be understood as an internet based computing where a firm is delivered with servers, storage and applications management through internet. The present research is based on introducing the cloud computing and entailing its advantages and disadvantages in current environment. The research will attempt to make an in depth study about cloud computing. Project objectives The project objectives have been set so as to move towards right direction. As per this, the material objectives will aid in getting effective results by having a better understanding of selected topic. Besides this, the research will be developed into a structured knowledge to achieve end result in a better form. With this goal, major objectives that have been set for present research are: To determine if organizations benefit from cloud computing investment To analyse whether cloud computing offers benefits to all business irrespective of their size To identify the major beneficiary from cloud computing Project scope The cloud computing in present world has become a very well known aspect which is used by a number of organisations at a very wide level (Zhang, Cheng and Boutaba, 2010). The cloud computing has become very useful for different small to big organisations in managing and storing of large information and applications directly through internet instead of any local server or similar devices. The present project focus towards current scenario in which the use of cloud computing has increased to a high level. Besides this, the research report will make an attempt to go deeper to understand about the said technology so as to get knowledge about its usability in current aspect (Subashini and Kavitha, 2011). In addition to this, the report will aid in developing understanding of this technology as per the present world. The secondary research has been conducted for present report which will assist in reaching at concrete conclusion. Literature review This section of the study will evaluate and attain the secondary data for the study in order to develop a clear and well defined analysis in the topic. Past researches conducted on the stated topic has been effectively summarised as under: Concept of cloud computing In simple terms, the Cloud computing can be understood as delivery of computing services which includes a number of aspects like storage, networking, servers, databases, analytics and software through internet. Those organisations which provide these services are known as cloud providers for which they charge a fee on the basis of usage. According to Catteddu, (2010), the cloud computing is a developed technology for doing trillions of calculations per second. The said technology attempts to use traditional high performance power for computing which generally helps in military facilities and big researches. To make it work properly, the technology uses specialised connections which assist in data processing chores. It involves a large pool of different systems which are linked together. In this system, sometimes technique of virtualisation is also used so that the strength of computing can be enhanced. Marston and et.al., (2011) argues that the standards which are used at present for connecting various computer systems and software are not properly defined. As a result, it leaves many business firms with an option of defining their own cloud computing technologies. Many big companies like Google, Citrix, Microsoft; IBM etc. use to offer services of cloud computing at present. In addition to this, the small business sectors have great advantages of using cloud computing as they can access various resources as per the needs of business (Krutz and Vines, 2010). Advantages of cloud computing It is evident that the cloud computing is a good technology which is beneficial for most of the business enterprises. The cloud computing can be considered suitable for most of the business like small to big enterprises as it provides services as per the needs and demands. In addition to this, the small business enterprises mostly face difficulties in managing infrastructures related to software, servers etc. (Marston and et.al., 2011) In such conditions, they can easily expand or shrink their needs as per the changes in business needs. Overall, several chief benefits that are provided by adoption of cloud computing is enlisted below: Cost: The top benefit of using advanced cloud computing is its cost saving technology. Takabi, Joshi and Ahn, (2010) states that using cloud computing helps in elimination of capital expenses which are spent on purchasing hardware and software, running data centres and appointing IT experts for managing infrastructures. Speed: The services of cloud computing is provided on demand as per the needs of user. Besides this, a large amount of computing resources can be processed in few minutes which deliver a great flexibility and speed to business by lessening the external pressure of capacity planning (Dinh and et.al., 2013). Productivity: The use of cloud computing in business helps in reducing the large amount of works like setting up of hardware and software, stacking etc. As a result, the IT specialists can spend their useful time in managing other significant tasks thereby enhancing productivity of business. Reliability: As per Feng and et.al., (2011) the cloud computing serves as a best way for backing up of data, storage of large data and recovery of any crucial information lost which makes this technology more reliable and easy to use. The working system of this technique is safe and secure as data is mirrored on multiple sites which help in recovering lost data easily. Disadvantages of cloud computing There are several disadvantages as well of using cloud computing that makes it suitable for generally big business enterprises. Commonly used apps that are made in routine functions of organisations cannot be accomplished without use of desktop software (Takabi, Joshi and Ahn, 2010). Therefore, adoption of cloud computing does not mean throwing put of desktop software and all servers. Some of the disadvantages of cloud computing are described below: Not suitable for everyone: The small business owners have their own demands and needs. As per this, the cloud computing is not suitable for all types of applications. According to Mell and Grance, (2011), the video editing, graphic designing etc. are some of the very common works which are performed by business organisations for which cloud computing cannot help. Here, the user will need high-performance desktops. Connectivity: As mentioned earlier, the cloud computing works through internet. In this situation, if the net connectivity is down or most of the times, internet speed is low, the cloud computing will not be a suitable option for that business (Catteddu, 2010). It is evident that even the biggest cloud computing service providers face the difficulty of internet outages. Security: Cloud computing simply means working through internet. Therefore, states that any company using cloud computing should not store data that are sensitive on cloud computing. Many companies offering cloud computing services assure about the security of data stored on computing but, they are not safe completely. Customer support: As per the views of Subashini and Kavitha, (2011) poor customer service from cloud computing companies end is very common. Though, many efforts have been made to bring improvements in services, yet there are some loops because of which cloud computing suffers from lack of customer support. In addition to this, if the customer service is given in proper way, it will involve a high cost accordingly (Krutz and Vines, 2010). Research questions The objectives set in previous section have been focussed in entire research according to which several questions have been framed. These questions have set entire study on right track in relation to cloud computing. The primary question for present research is: Does investment in cloud computing generates beneficial results for the organizations? H0: Investment in cloud computing does not generate beneficial results for the organizations H1: Investment in cloud computing generates beneficial results for the organizations Does cloud computing benefit every organization, irrespective of their size and kind? H0: Cloud computing is not beneficial for every kind and size of business entities. H1: Cloud computing is beneficial for all types and size of business enterprises. Research design and methodology The research design can be understood as the way according to which entire research will be followed. Research design applies a systematic process and techniques for making a collection of data and their analysis process (Williams, 2011). Research design: The present research is based on qualitative method in which the observation of entire scenario based on cloud computing has been followed. Besides this, the design followed in current research is based on descriptive study (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Through descriptive method of research, a researcher makes an attempt to observe entire topic and make a deep study so as to give detailed description about it. Sampling: The sampling process is a significant step in a research a reliable and reflective segment of sample is analysed to make a structured and systematic study. This helps in attainment of precise results for undertaken study (Kuada, 2012). The companies offering cloud computing services are numerous, hence 2 major organisations in this area have been selected as a sample for collecting data and information. The three major firms selected for the sampling process are IBM and Google. Designing: The designing process of current research has been developed as per the qualitative method in which the secondary data collection process has been adopted (Danping and Lee, 2011). Accordingly, the collected data will be analysed as per the thematic evaluation method. Thus, a complete understanding about the chosen topic can be developed. Data collection process: The data for current research will be gathered through secondary sources. For secondary data, various sources can be referred which can be books, online articles, journals, newspapers, magazines, companys annual reports etc. By referring all these sources, relevant information can be collected easily about cloud computing (Wahyuni, 2012). In addition to this, the snowball sampling method has been referred so as to connect with links that can provide information about the selected companies. Reliability and validity: These two factors are significant in research where reliability ensures consistent results each time by applying similar instruments for testing. While the validity is a factor that states legality and authenticity of entire research. Thus, by maintaining these two aspects throughout the research, quality of study can be enhanced to a great level (Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2011). Limitations: The major limitation in current research is related to framing of aims and objectives. The cloud computing is vast topic on which a very detailed study can be performed. Therefore, to make it specific by framing aims and objectives was a difficult task. Similarly, another major limitation was data collection process where maintaining reliability and validity in collected data and its analysis was challenging (Chawla and Sodhi, 2011). Moreover, the time allotted for accomplishing such a vast topics research was also less. Hence managing the research in such short period was hard. Time schedule The following schedule of activities clearly defines the process of research and its time segment: Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Business research methodology 14 wks Tue 8/15/17 Mon 11/20/17 Analysis of present market 1 wk Tue 8/15/17 Mon 8/21/17 Identifying research problem 2 wks Tue 8/22/17 Mon 9/4/17 2 Framing aims and objectives 1 wk Tue 9/5/17 Mon 9/11/17 3 Performing literature review 2 wks Tue 9/12/17 Mon 9/25/17 4 Choosing data collection method 1 wk Tue 9/26/17 Mon 10/2/17 5 Sampling 1 wk Tue 9/26/17 Mon 10/2/17 5 Gathering secondary data 2 wks Tue 10/3/17 Mon 10/16/17 7,6 Analyzing collected data 1.5 wks Tue 10/17/17 Thu 10/26/17 8 Finding solution to research issues 1 wk Thu 10/26/17 Thu 11/2/17 9 Submitting draft 0.5 wks Thu 11/2/17 Mon 11/6/17 10 Making alterations as per feedback 1 wk Tue 11/7/17 Mon 11/13/17 11 Final submission 1 wk Tue 11/14/17 Mon 11/20/17 12 References Catteddu, D., 2010. Cloud Computing: benefits, risks and recommendations for information security. In Web application security (pp. 17-17). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Cecez-Kecmanovic, D., 2011. Doing critical information systems researcharguments for a critical research methodology. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(4), pp.440-455. Chawla, D. and Sodhi, N., 2011. Research methodology: concepts and cases. Vikas Publishing House. Danping, L. and Lee, C.K., 2011. A review of the research methodology for the re-entrant scheduling problem. International Journal of Production Research, 49(8), pp.2221-2242. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches. Wireless communications and mobile computing, 13(18), pp.1587-1611. Feng, D.G., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y. and Xu, Z., 2011. Study on cloud computing security. Journal of software, 22(1), pp.71-83. Krutz, R.L. and Vines, R.D., 2010. Cloud security: A comprehensive guide to secure cloud computing. Wiley Publishing. Kuada, J., 2012. Research methodology: A project guide for university students. Samfundslitteratur. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J. and Ghalsasi, A., 2011. Cloud computingThe business perspective. Decision support systems, 51(1), pp.176-189. Mell, P. and Grance, T., 2011. The NIST definition of cloud computing. Subashini, S. and Kavitha, V., 2011. A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing. Journal of network and computer applications, 34(1), pp.1-11. Takabi, H., Joshi, J.B. and Ahn, G.J., 2010. Security and privacy challenges in cloud computing environments. IEEE Security Privacy, 8(6), pp.24-31. Wahyuni, D., 2012. The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Williams, C., 2011. Research methods. Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 5(3). Zhang, Q., Cheng, L. and Boutaba, R., 2010. Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges. Journal of internet services and applications, 1(1), pp.7

Appleget 1 Essays - Philosophy Of Life, Individualism, Self

Appleget 1 Joseph Appleget Mr. Helle/ IB English 12 10/18/00 The Way We Live Our Lives In our individual routines, each and every one of us strives to be the best that we are capable of being. How peculiar this is; we aim for similar goals, yet the methods we enact are unique. Just as no two people have the same fingerprint, no two have identical theories on how to live life. While some follow religious outlines to aspire to a level of oral excellence, others pursue different approaches. Toward the end of the Nineteenth-Century and on through the mid-Twentieth, a movement followed existentialism, a philosophical theory of life, in order to achieve such a level. Even though the idea of existentialism is complex, individualism, freedom of choice, responsibility, and alienation. Certain themes are common amongst philosophers and authors: moral fundamental to understanding existentialism is the conception of moral individualism. Existentialism rejects traditional ethical endeavors (Barrett, William). Philosophers since the time of Aristotle, circa Third-Century B.C.E. (Bef ore the Common Era), have held that everyone should aim for a common peak of ethical achievement. Aristotle argued for the existence of a divine being, described as the Prime Mover, who is responsible for the unity and purposefulness of nature. In order for humanity to attain such a climax, everyone must imitate The Almighty's perfect profile. Aristotle's basic philosophy deduces that humanity strives for an identical peak of moral excellence, as judged by a higher being (Aristotle Kemerling, Garth). Appleget 2 Existentialism declares that the individual must choose his way; there is no predetermination. Since the universe is meaningless and absurd, people must set their own ethical standards. The universe does not predetermine moral rules. Each person strives toward a unique moral perfection. The Nineteenth-Century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his uniqueness. His journal reads, 'I must find a truth that is true for me ... the idea for which I can live or die (Kierkegaard Kemerling, Garth). Existentialists believe that morality depends on the individual, rather than a Supreme Being (Rohmann, Chris). Next to moral individualism, the inevitability of choice is the most prominent existentialist theory. Existentialism asserts that people do not have a fixed nature, as other animals and plants do. Our choices determine who we are. The Twentieth-Century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre proclaimed that the most Important choice is the choice of us. Each character makes choices that create his nature. Existence suggests freedom where mankind is open to a future that is determined by choice and action. Choice is inescapable and central to human existence; the refusal to choose is a choice. Even when a person seems to be acting out a given' role or following given values -- for example, by The Almighty, or by society -- he is in fact choosing to do so (Sartre Kemerling, Garth). Individuals are free to choose their own destination. Hence, they must accept the risk and responsibility of following their commitment. Appleget 3 Since man's choices cannot be universally judged, Existentialists propose a framework for which responsibility can be recognized. This outline does not tell individuals what and how to choose; rather it implies that there are right and wrong ways of choosing. Usually through situations such as death, struggle, guilt, anxiety, nausea, or anguish, one becomes aware of responsibility (right versus wrong). Kierkegaard mentioned that an individual must experience dread, fear of specific objects such as the Almighty, to recognize responsibility (May, Rollo). Existentialists regard responsibilities as personal and subjective (existing only in the mind; illusionary), considering people decide morality, not a Supreme Being. Existentialists have insisted that personal experiences and acting on one's own convictions are essential in arriving at the truth. Accordingly, truth is subjective. Thus, the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation Is superior to that of observers. Even though one person may view a situation as immoral, existentialism maintains that only those involved can determine morality (May, Rollo). Existential novels and short stories include themes of moral individualism, freedom of choice, and responsibility, as well as alienation from the world. Franz Kafka, an existential writer, expressed his views in the short story'

20 Terms Every Content Writer Needs to Know

20 Terms Every Content Writer Needs to Know Crafting content for businesses and their marketing agencies can be a decent earner for aspiring writers. But if you want to be taken seriously, you need to get the lingo right. Dan Brotzel of UK agency Sticky Content walks us through some of the essential terminology So, youve got your first content commission – a series of blog posts perhaps, or some new web copy. What usually comes next is a briefing form. The brief may be a detailed document of several pages, or it may be a couple of pages in an email. It may have been written just for you, or – more likely – for lots of other people working on the project as well, from marketers to web developers. ​​​​​​​ Your first job is to go through the brief, understand whats required, and come back with any questions. Heres a handy guide to some of the phrases you may come across Amends. Content work always goes through several rounds of amends on its way to approval. Your agreement may cite a certain number of rounds of amends that you will carry out; if not, its worth asking about this up front. While you shouldnt worry that there will be things to tweak, you should make sure that the amount of amends isnt getting unreasonable or turning into a rebrief. Brand voice. This is the verbal personality that your copy should convey. Guidance may come in a tone of voice document or in a brief description, e.g. friendly, straightforward, positive. If in doubt, ask for examples of voice they like. Call to action (CTA). All content should lead to a next step you want your reader to take, such as Call us now or Get a quote. Knowing the CTA will help you focus your writing. Compliance. In heavily regulated industries such as finance, a Compliance team will review the copy for potential issues such as making claims (the cheapest cover ever!) that cant be backed up. Its worth asking up front what sorts of things they normally look for. Conversion. The action that you want people reading a piece of content to take, such as downloading a report or making a purchase. Copydeck. Simply the document that contains your copy. This may take the form of a templated doc that you are asked to write content into. Distribution. How your content will reach people, for example via email, social channels or search results. Engagement. A slippery word that really just means people acting on your content in some way, e.g. Evergreen content. Content thats designed to have a very long shelf-life so needs to be written in a way that wont quickly date. Hygiene content. Essential content that keeps a website working, such as FAQs, Help content and About us content. This is distinct from Hub content (regular editorial-style content such as posts and articles) and Hero content (big campaign material). Key phrases. Words you may be asked to work into your copy, to help it appear in relevant search results pages. Landing page. The page that people arrive at after clicking on a search result, especially a paid-for one. There is a whole best practice for writing and designing these to drive conversions. Listicle. An article written in list form, usually beginning with a number. Localization. Translation. Sometimes you will be asked to write copy thats easy to localize, meaning it should steer clear of idioms and very specific cultural references that could get lost in translation. Newsjacking. The practice of creating some content triggered Optimization. Basically, improving things through an ongoing process of testing and learning. A page thats been optimized for search, for example, is one that has been written and designed to have the best chance of driving search traffic. Personas. Many bigger companies will have developed character sketches that stand in for key segments of their target audience. Often theyll have a nickname such as Sally, the savvy shopper or Dave, the silver surfer. These profiles can be very useful to help you pitch your copy correctly. Pay Per Click. The paid-for ads that appear among your search results when you look for something via a search engine. Pay per click is abbreviated PPC. The search engine gets a small fee whenever anyone clicks on an ad. Stakeholders. People with a governance interest in your content, such as Compliance, Product, and Brand. All review the content, and some may have an input into its creation. Stakeholder reviews inevitably lead to amends. Traction. A fancy word for response. As in: We want to see how much traction this first ebook gets, then well decide whether to do another one. Wash-up. A meeting where the work is reviewed after its gone live. You may not be asked to attend this, but you may hear feedback from it thats useful for your next commission. When interrogating a brief (as marketers like to say) you can inspire confidence

Valuation of Futures Contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Valuation of Futures Contracts - Assignment Example The future looks gloomy for this stock Factors affecting perfomance of cooprate bond Prevailing interest rates Idealy corprate bonds offer better yield prospects than government bonds but that’s because of the risk involved. This is happens so as to entice the investors to turn their attention away from the treaeury bonds and securities. Since most often than not, the performance of corprate bonds are pegged against that of treasury bonds. The prices at which the later are quoted really maters, the amount of yield they produce also matters a lot. When the yield of a bonds future is less than that of prevailing treasury bonds, such a bond is considered to be under performing. When the Government issues bonds at better prices than that of the corporate bonds the demand shifts to the government bonds thus the laws of demand and supply come into play hence forcing the corporate bond’s price to dip. The opposite happens when the government bonds are not that attractive which is very rare. Overal perception of the investor Whenever global news headlines are positive and encouraging, investors tend to be more open minded and open to opportunities across the globe. At such times they are willing to put out their money because they are confident of a good return on investment thanks to a good business climate moving forward. The opposite happens when there is turmoil and conflict; most investors tend to hold on to their money during such periods. Some investor even consider divesting from markets they consider to be to risky or adversely affected by the negative news. They focus more into secure investments such as treasury bonds and securities. If a company is trading in an environment considered being risky at a particular time by portential investor, those investors may choose to shy away from the corporate bonds issued by that compnay and such an action may affect the price of the bond negatively. Political developments or natural disasters in an econo my half way across the world can greatly affect the performance of a stock locally. A good case in point is the earth quakes and Tsunamis. Political activities also do influence price flactuations in a corprate bond. Usually investors shy away from ecomonies that have unstable political environments, especially when such a countries are having elections or revolutions. Overall finacial health of a company The overall financial health of a company is of paramount importance. A company’s ability to maintain high profits increase investor apetite and confidence therefore a corprate bond issues by that company at such a time would fetch very high prices. This is because investors like being assoiated with performing companies thus making them more reluctant to sell the bonds they hold with such companies which results into low yields but rising prices. The opposite happens when a company reports losses. Such reports really vex investor confidence to the extent that some start to doubt weather that Particullar Company will be able to pays their debts to the investors. Such doubts can prompt investors to damp the bonds of that campany into the market thus increasing the yield but reducing prices. Credit rating agencies such as Standards & Poors also do affect the perfomance of a corprate bond. These credit rating agenc

Mythology essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mythology - Essay Example The two ancient Greek legends together give an exciting recount of incidences that give a clear picture of the philosophical and religious views of the ancient Greeks regarding death and the afterlife. Generally from the two stories, it is evident that the ancient Greeks feared afterlife and regarded death as a not so glorious and undesirable natural event. For example, during his visit to the Hades, Odysseus saw the dead who were pathetic, deprived of their wits. On the other hand, The Myth of Er by Plato suggests the ancient Greek belief that moral people are rewarded after death while immoral people face punishment upon heir death. This is particularly illustrated by the description of how Er saw the sinners being punished while people who were Virtuous group were rewarded with happiness. Lastly, the ancient Greeks believed that the deceased should be buried with dignity with proper customary burial rites to allow them get to afterlife after their

Changes to British Identity and Attitude Since the 1950s

Changes to British Identity and Attitude Since the 1950s How has British identity and attitude changed since the 1950s? Introduction Many people find it difficult to cope with changes in people’s attitudes and identity, particularly since the 1950s. They struggle with the direction in which society appears to be going. The expanding nature of contemporary society means that there are more opportunities for people, this coupled with an expansion in skills and a less authoritarian attitude in the workplace gives people greater individual freedom. However, the continuing changes that have taken place in society over the last fifty years requires that people develop a greater adaptability in regards to their personal identities their attitude towards self and society. They need to be ready to move along with the rate of change and this requires a corresponding change in how they understand themselves. Thus, for Giddens (1991), the self is an ongoing project whereby identity is made and remade to meet the conditions of modern life. This paper will look at how British identity and attitude have changed since the 1950s. There will be a brief look at what life was like in nineteen fifties and how identity was understood. This will then be compared to attitudes and identity today to highlight the changes. 1950s Britain Post-war Britain was quite different to today. In the early 1950s there was still a good deal of war damage which led the Government to introduce massive building programmes to ensure adequate housing for the population. Immediately after the war the welfare state was set up. The funding of this was based on the notion that the (predominantly male) workforce would continue to have full employment, which led the Government to claim that it would be able to look after its citizens from the cradle to the grave. They were overly idealistic in their views and in the last fifty years Britain has witnessed massive changes in both welfare and employment work and welfare. Attitudes have changed towards family structures and this, along with other cultural changes, has had corresponding implications for peoples’ identities. In the years following the Second World War people felt that they were secure in their employment. In industry working class men were conditioned to the view that if they worked hard then they would have a job for life, even though they may not have earned a lot of money (Giddens, 2001). This is no longer the case however, and is one of the many reasons that there are now so many women in the workforce (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). In 1950s Britain society was clearly class ridden and people did not often move from one class to another. The class into which a person was born therefore was very often the one in which they stayed and this had implications for their life chances in other areas. People did not have the choices that they have nowadays few women went out to work and it was the father’s responsibility to go out and earn money to support his family (Walby, 1986). In the years since the nineteen fifties the face of Britain has altered. There have been massive changes in employment patterns and this has, in many cases, led to changing roles in society which has had further implications for people’s sense of identity. Post-War immigration along with rapid social and technological change has brought with it n increasing focus on contemporary racialised and ethnicised identities. This mixing of new identities along with older ones, and the introduction of new cultural forms contributes to the sense of uncertainty that many people feel is a feature of modern life (Hall, 1992). British Identity The concept of identity is extremely important in sociological thinking, furthermore, constructions of identity are also closely linked to culture and people’s identities are reflected in the cultures and sub-cultures to which they belong (Willis, 1967).Smith (1991) claims that in Britain in the 1950s there was a fairly homogenous cultural, aristocratic sense of Britishness, which dated back to the sixteenth century. The British nation state, therefore was, essentially, seen as English with elements taken from Wales and Scotland. Langlands (1999) maintains that: As it is true of all national identities, the meanings and saliency attached to Englishness are fluid and have varied considerably; it has at some times drawn upon Celtic sources; and at other times it has been conflated with Britishness (the myth of our island race for instance) (Langlands, 1999:60). The Arts Council was established in 1947. This was an attempt to bring art to as many people as possible. Ballet, Opera and the theatre were publicity and held up as models of British cultural life. During the 1950s collectivist policies were pursued which resulted in cultural stability. Cultural heritage is of great importance. (the National Heritage site tells us) it is also crucial to the construction of identities and to social behaviour (Turnpenny, 2004). These policies which promoted what were seen as ‘high’ culture were stable until the late nineteen sixties and seventies. The growing number of immigrants was changing the way Britain looked and the way it had to find new understandings of itself By the 1970s things had changed and opinions on the far left held all cultural values as a reflection of the interests of white middle class males (Abbott and Wallace, 1997).. In the nineteen eighties the market principles of Margaret Thatcher’s Government meant that art had to justify its continued existence on the basis of its marketability. In 1986 the cultural policy advisors to the Greater London Council wrote: In an age when we know longer expect to find a single all- encompassing truth, the best strategies for survival often involve creating alternative, exclusive realms, which reject dominant modes (Mulgan and Worpole, 1986:32) When New Labour came to power in the 1990s it took over elements of the left and the right in an attempt to promote a more diverse and inclusive view of culture and cultural heritage (Pearce, 2000). Pearce contends that: Cultural heritage is something that can be inherited, which enables the inheritors to enter into their rightful states and be their true selves (Pearce, 2000:59). This cultural heritage consists of artefacts, practices, objects and cultural spaces which people recognise as part of their cultural heritage. Turnpenny (2004) maintains that this heritage relates to all aspects of a nation’s life. Current cultural policy concentrates on buildings or monument, making heritage very tightly defined and denying wider cultural interpretation (Turnpenny, ibid). Social practices which are a source of group identity have been omitted from Government legislation on cultural heritage yet they traditional, and cultural significance and should therefore be considered as part of our cultural heritage (Jones, 1996). Turnpenny (2004) argues that this is oppressive as it does not take into account community values and the communities’ perceptions of their cultural heritage and it thus contributes to social exclusion. Current cultural policy, in its neglect of the intangible, separates fact from value. In doing so it imposes a form of national identity that does not truly reflect the identity of community groups in Britain. Changes in society affect social structures which in turn affect people’s identities in myriad ways. Because identities are no longer fixed, but as Bradley (1996) has argued are fractured, they are a source of continuing uncertainty. This uncertainty leads to further changes in the social structure. Contemporary people’s identities are unsettled because the changes mentioned above tend to cross ethnic boundaries. For example the changing role of women and their greater inclusion in the labour market has affected not only women’s and men’s identities, it has also led to changes in family structures. Changing Attitudes and the Family Over the last fifty years, Britain has witnessed changes in marriage, household, and family forms that would not have been thought possible prior to the Second World War (Giddens, 2001). The rise in the divorce rate and the number of single parent families, has largely been blamed on the 1960s rise of the feminist movement. There has also been a growth in the rate of women who have children but have not married (Social Trends, 2000). Attitudes have changed considerably in this regard and it is rare to hear of the lonely old spinster. People do not think that women who don’t want to marry are in some way strange. Parsons (1955) argued that (what has been called)the traditional family serves two major purposes that are common to societies, the primary socialisation of children into the norms and values of society, and the stabilisation of adult personalities. For Parsons the institution of the family provided the mutual love and support needed by individuals in order for them to be fit enough to take their places in society (Giddens, 2001). In 1997 when Blair’s Government came to power the above ideology of the family that had existed in Britain for almost a century was breaking down and unemployment was continuing to rise. Death, divorce, and the rise in the number of single parent families meant that the traditional ideal of the male breadwinner and the female carer/homemaker were becoming less common (Giddens, 2001). Single mothers (although not a strong favorite) were no longer seen as shamed women, as they might have been in the nineteen fifties. The concerns of the Welfare State were with the traditional, nuclear family where the man was the breadwinner and the woman cared for the home and children. It was not therefore, set up to deal with single parent households. In this way changing family structures result in an increase in other social problems, particularly poverty (Giddens, 2001). Traditional family structures are no longer the norm in the UK and this has led to a change of attitudes towards those w ho do not live in the traditional nuclear family that Parsons described. However, this leads to other social problems because the state system is not equipped to deal with either the increased burden on the benefits system or in making the employment and childcare systems more equitable. Conclusion British identities and attitudes have changed considerably since the 1950s. This is largely as a result of changing employment patterns, cultural policy, mass immigration, and changes in family structures. Human behaviour is based on guidelines that are shared by a group and in order for that group/society to function effectively the guidelines must apply to all its members. Thus culture is learned and shared and without it members of a society would be unable to communicate effectively and chaos would result (Giddens, 2001). This is why attitudes have had to change in Britain and this has had corresponding effects on how people understand both their Britishness and their identities. Bibliography Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Bradley, H. 1997. Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality. Cambridge, Polity Press. Cohen, R. 1996 â€Å"The poverty trap† Community Care; 1 Aug 96, p.26-7 Crowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. â€Å"Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain†. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London: Macmillan. Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Giddens, A. 1991 Modernity and Self Identity Cambridge, Polity Press Hall, S. and Gleben, B. eds. (1992) Formations of Modernity. Cambridge, Polity Press in association with the Open University Press. Pearce, S. M. 2000 ‘The Making of Cultural Heritage’, In Values and Heritage Conservation, edited by E. Avrami, R. Mason and M. de la Torre. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute (2000) 59–64. Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Smith, A. 1991 National Identity Harmondsworth, Penguin Social Trends 30 2000. General Household Survey in Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press.p.181 Turnpenny, M 2004 â€Å"Cultural Heritage, an ill defined concept? A call for joined-up policy† International Journal of Heritage Studies 10 (3) July 2004 pp. 295-307 Walby, S. 1986. Patriarchy at Work. Cambridge: Polity.

San Francisco Bay Consulting

San Francisco Bay Consulting (SF Bay Consulting), as described in the Harvard Business School case by Baker and Monsler (1995), is a leading business consultancy and litigation support group following the goal of providing â€Å"practical application of economic theory to business problems† (p. 1). In order to manipulate and analyze data, high-end software and computers are used to serve clients’ needs.The company faces serious internal problems regarding the relationship between their consultants and the computer services (CS) staff because of disagreements concerning the transfer pricing system, which is applied to alleviate the procurement and payment of computer resources. The major challenges for this system are the heavy price drops for computer hardware and the broadness of the researchers demands.The management of SF Bay Consulting forbids their employees to purchase their own computer hardware and software which leads to frustration among the consultants, espec ially in the case when the CS department refuses to buy and supply certain hardware and software requested by the consultants. The worst scenario occurred when transfer prices produced charges to clients’ bills that exceeded the current market price for the computer as it has happened with the SUN workstation.Donald Learner, Chief Financial Officer of SF Bay Consulting, now sees himself in charge to find a solution to the current problems that is able to satisfy both, the consultants as well as the CS employees. For this purpose, he has identified three options: a) Stick to the current system, b) make CS a profit center, or c) run CS as an expense center. Due to the fact that the current situation at SF Bay Consulting is going to escalade if it is further made use of, option a) is not recommendable and a different solution has to be found.Otherwise the working environment will be seriously affected in the long run and thus efficiency of the company might decrease to an undesi rable level. Option b), to make CS a profit center, would lead to the situation that consultants themselves are allowed to purchase any hardware or software they like and thus focus on problems, others as they are supposed to do. However, this option would lead to the freedom for researchers to purchase the equipment they would like to work with and might free them of their frustrations.Since IT specialists are running the CS department their core competency is not to focus on earning a profit within a competitive environment. While focusing on equipment procurement would distract researchers, the argument of distraction also holds true for the computer experts, which have to refocus and be in charge not only for maintenance but also running a business in a competitive manner. On the other hand this could lead to a more competitive price management that could cause lower costs for the two internal groups.Notwithstanding, Learner and Alex Whalen (founder, president, & CEO of SF Bay C onsulting) both agree that computer purchasing decisions should stay within CS to secure a certain level of compatibility among hardware and software and to avoid maintenance problems. Lastly, option three, to run CS as an expense center, would eliminate internal billing and lead to group profit generated from client charges greater than the CS overhead costs.Even though, there is a possibility of researchers ignoring the costs they provoke with a great deal of requests for CS, this problem might be minor due to the fact that they are not as frustrated as before and thereby reaching a higher level of overall satisfaction. In order to make all employees more sensitive for working efficiently an elaborated group-profit-related bonus system could be introduced at SF Bay Consulting.However, the impact of the bonus system for CS employees has to secure a balance between profit orientation and reasonable investments into hardware and software. Moreover, if all employees generate one overa ll profit together, there will not be any internal competition but a jointed overall goal. In conclusion, choosing option c), to run CS as an expense center is the right recommendation for SF Bay Consulting in order to solve its internal problems.

Critique of Systematic Research Review SRR Essay

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several health conditions that adults suffer from and one of those health issues is lung cancer. Lung cancer in adults is seen as one of the prevalent conditions that needs to be fully addressed so that the rate of deaths that occur as a result of the condition. There is lots of evidence which indicate that the numbers of adults that are suffering from lung cancer have increased. It is to be noted that the adults that suffer from lung cancer require a lot of attention so that they can be able to recover and get better (Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). This is based on the reason that lung cancer is a chronic illness that takes a long time before they can recover although if proper care is not given then there are chances that they may end up dead. The rate of death from lung cancer increases as a result of the lack of proper care for the patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the research conducted on patients with lung cancer indicates that health care providers have a great role that they play in the lives of the patients. The health care providers are required to ensure that they should provide sufficient management of the symptoms. Furthermore, there is need for the health care providers to ensure that they promote quality life for the adults that suffer from lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Through several studies that have been conducted, it has been observed that patients that suffer from lung cancer are the ones that experience symptom distress more than those patients that suffer from different types of cancer. Therefore, symptom management among the patients that suffer from the lung cancer is very important and the health care providers are required to ensure that they provide this type of management. The research conducted on patients that suffer from lung cancer indicate that understanding the needs of the patients is very important in handling and managing this condition as one way of reducing the rate of deaths that result from lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this systematic review of the research that was conducted, it is to be noted that there are several symptoms that can be used to identify an adult that suffers from lung cancer. Some of the major symptoms as observed through the systematic review include cough, whereby the adults often develop new coughs and to a great extent the cough often becomes chronic and does not end even with continued medication(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The other symptom that has been identified is that the patients suffer from shortness in breath and find a lot of difficulty in breathing. The systematic review have also identified wheezing as well as whistling sound production when breathing as some of the other symptoms which are associated with lung cancer among the adults. Furthermore, it is the finding of the systematic review that lung cancer patients also suffer chest pains which often may range from those that are sharp pains, dull or even s tabbing pains on the chest as an indication of lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Finally, hoarseness of the voice as well as the face swelling, neck, arms or even having lots of headaches have been identified as some of the symptoms through this particular systematic review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the various symptoms which have been identified above in this systematic review, it can be noted that there is great importance in the management of the symptoms among the patients that suffer from lung cancer. The systematic review indicates that it is important to understand the way the research on the symptoms of lung cancer have been conducted so that future research can be based on these findings as indicated in the systematic review(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). It is important to note that lung cancer is one of the major conditions that many nations are grappling with especially among the adults. The rate of deaths have driven researchers to find ways through which they can identified the suitable ways of managing and reducing the rate of deaths as a result of lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review provided on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults is quite extensive in its approach and has provided enough detail in addition to allowing for further research to be conducted on the same topic. From the systematic review, it is noted that there have been a lot of strides which have been made towards understanding the various symptoms that relate to lung cancer in adults. The systematic review is quite detailed in its analysis of the symptoms which are related to lung cancer among the adults(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The review can be said to be sufficient as it touches on various theoretical, methodological as well as conceptual issues which need to be addressed through future research on the topic. The review however limits its information in terms of the theoretical framework that has been used in the identification of the symptoms which are related to the lung cancer condition. This lack of theoretica l framework in the study means that there is need for more research on the topic to be able to identify the various theoretical issues which are part of the research in identifying the symptoms(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The strength of this particular systematic review is that the presentation of the information and data has been done in such a way that it is easy to follow from the beginning to the end. Each step of the review is clearly identified which makes it easy for a reader to read through the work. Furthermore, the presentation of data and information has also been accompanied with graphics in terms of tables and charts which helps in understanding the information on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review also requires the use of tools and equipment in terms of data collections that are reliable and can provide valid data and information which can be used in the identification of the various symptoms that are also associated with lung cancer. It is to be noted that the systematic review however, despite not showing the use of theoretical frameworks that can be used to establish the symptoms of lung cancer, it identifies some of the ways through which patients that suffer from lung cancer can be assisted(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). One of the recommendations that has been suggested by the systematic review is that there is great need for the health care providers to ensure that they practice what is known as symptoms management It is also the recommendation of this systematic review that gender issues should be incorporated in to future research to find out if there is any significance of gender in terms of sympt oms of lung cancer in males and females(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). References Wood, M. M., Molassiotis, A., & Payne, S. (2011). What research evidence is there for the use of art therapy in the management of symptoms in adults with cancer? A systematic review.Psycho-Oncology, 20(2), 135-145. Accessed fromhttp://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5932c2d1-f4fe-432a-b9ad-48c737b75200%40sessionmgr111&vid=0&hid=11 Source document

Whole Exome Network Analysis Identifies CXCR5-CXCL13 Signaling as a Key Driver in Breast Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2498 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? I am delighted to submit the concept paper with the title â€Å"Whole Exome Network Analysis Identifies CXCR5-CXCL13 Signaling as a Key Driver in Breast Cancer† for consideration under the NIH Research Fellowship Program, Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Individual Predoctoral Fellowship. The primary aim of the Kirschstein-NRSA Individual Predoctoral Fellowship is to provide financial support for mentored research training, leading to a doctoral degree in the biomedical, behavioral, or clinical sciences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whole Exome Network Analysis Identifies CXCR5-CXCL13 Signaling as a Key Driver in Breast Cancer" essay for you Create order However, this fellowship program also strives to enhance the diversity of the scientific workforce in the United States by providing opportunities for academic institutions to identify and recruit students from diverse population groups. This fellowship program encourages diverse population groups to seek graduate degrees in health-related research. The long-term goal of the Kirschstein-NRSA Individual Predoctoral Fellowship program is to enhance the number of scientists from diverse population groups and prepare them for research careers in the biomedical, behavioral, and clinical sciences. I am a fourth-year graduate student at Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), a historically Black College or University in the Atlanta University Center. The mission of MSM is to increase the health and well-being of individuals and communities with emphasis on people of color. This mission is primarily focused on underserved urban and rural populations in Georgia. MSM also seeks to increase the diversity of the health professional and scientific workforce. This mission shares a similar objective to that described in the mission of the Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Individual Predoctoral fellowship. I am obtaining a Ph.D. in Biomedical Science and a Master’s degree in Clinical Research (MSCR). The PhD/MSCR program has provided me with a strong foundation in research design, methods, and analytic techniques. My ability to conceptualize and think through research problems has also been enhanced through my participation in this dual degree program. I have gained experience conducting re search as well as presented my research findings as first author. The PhD/MSCR program has afforded me the opportunity to interact with members of the scientific community at scientific meetings and workshops. Moreover, the dual degree program has provided me with a versatile skill which I can utilize in the next stage of my research career. Overall, I believe the Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Individual Predoctoral fellowship will provide me with financial support that will take my graduate career to the next level. My dissertation committee consists of 3 experts in Oncology (James Lillard Jr. PhD, MBA, Shailesh Singh, PhD, and Sanjay Jain, MD), 1 expert in Toxicology (Danita Eatman), and 1 Biostatistician (Fengxia Yan, MD). Bioinformatics support will be provided by the bioinformatics core at Morehouse School of Medicine, The Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University. PURPOSE Breast cancer (BrCa) is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in American women (American Cancer Society, 2018). Approximately, 1 in 8 (12%) women in the United States will develop invasive BrCa during her lifetime (American Cancer Society, 2018). In 2018, approximately 250,000 new cases of invasive BrCa will be diagnosed in women and of these women, approximately 40,500 will die from the disease, about 1 in 36 (3%) (American Cancer Society, 2018). More recently, incidence rates have been stable in Caucasian women, but have increased in African American women. This BrCa health disparity is most notably observed in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). TNBC is characterized by a lack of molecular markers; estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER-2). It accounts for 10-20% of all BrCas and is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis (Pierobon, 2013). TNBC incidence rates are higher in Caucasian women. However, the number of fatalities associated with TNBC is significantly higher in African American women, than compared to other ethnic groups. If no major changes in prevention or treatment occur, the number of lives lost to TNBC will continue to rise. More recently, rapid increases in early stage, BrCa incidence have been reported in pre-menopausal women less than 45 years of age. Additionally, many of these young, early stage breast cancer patients are of ethnic descent. The mechanisms responsible for early stage BrCa in young women of ethnic descent remains unknown. Furthermore, it remains controversial whether early breast cancer has unique tumor biology, which may be highly influenced by race. Despite new developments in early detection and treatments, approximately 5% of women diagnosed with BrCa in the United States will develop metastatic disease at the time of first presentation (EBCTCG, 2005). Additionally, another 30% of women with early-stage, non-metastatic BrCa at diagnosis, will develop distant metastatic disease that is not curable (EBCTCG, 2005). Additional predictive markers and new drug targets are needed to prolong survival and improve the quality of life for BrCa patients. It is essential to understand the mole cules and mechanisms responsible for the aggressive phenotype of breast cancer to develop new, more effective drug targets for the disease. Currently, there are no specific targeted therapies for TNBC due to the lack of ER, PR, and HER-2 markers. Current chemotherapy consists of a combination of drugs including paclitaxel (TAX), doxorubicin (DOX), and cyclophosphamide (CTX)]. TAX is a taxane, which disrupts microtubule function, inhibiting the process of cell division (Singh, 2014). It is more commonly prescribed than docetaxel, another member of the taxane family, due to its tolerable toxicity and is noted as first line therapy in metastatic disease (Erba, 2010). DOX is an anthracyclin, which inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between base pairs of a DNA/RNA strand (El Haibi, 2011). In an effort to combat the acute toxicity associated with DOX, it is often prescribed in combination with TAX (Eralp, 2004). CTX is an alkylating agent, which adds alkyl groups to DNA, which in turn interferes with DNA replication by forming DNA crosslinks (Singh, 2014). It is conditionally prescribed in combination with TAX and DOX, based on disease progression. The ability of CTX to induce the death of certain T regulatory cells contributes to its efficacy. However, this combination therapy produces undesirable side effects. A response rate for a treatment regimen of TAX + DOX + CTX in TNBC patients is a mere 12% for a single agent and can widely vary, 27-65%, for use of multiple agents (Singh, 2014). Patients eventually relapse as a result of chemoresistance and metastasis, ultimately succumbing to this disease. This brings attention to the cells potentially responsible for drug resistance in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells as well as various types of stromal cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Several types of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes are recruited to breast tumors and play either a positive or negative role in cancer progression. The infiltration of inflammatory cells is regulated by a variety of biologically active molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Chemokines play a significant role in this process (Singh, 2011). Chemokines are 8-10 kilo Dalton (kD) chemotactic cytokines involved in cell trafficking events and normal homeostasis. They are grouped into 4 major subfamilies (C, CC, CXC, and CX3C) based on the pattern of the two NH2-terminal cysteine residues. The extended N-terminus functions to recognize, bind, and activate the receptor. BrCa cells express Chemokine Receptor 5 (CXCR5). Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL13) is the sole ligand for CXCR5, which plays a role in cancer progression (Singh, 2009; Singh, 2009; Singh 2011). Our laboratory was the first to show that CXR5-CXCL13 signaling mediates prostate cancer metastasis and progression i.e., growth, migration, and invasion, and survival (El Haibi, 2010-2012). We also demonstrated that CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling induces cancer progression signaling pathways: PI3K, AKT, ERK, and Jun (El Haibi, 2010-2011). However, the mechanisms, by which, CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling promotes breast cancer is unknown. Panse et al revealed CXCR5 and CXCL13 are overexpressed in BrCa tissue (Panse, 2008). This study also showed elevated serum levels of CXCL13 in BrCa patients with metastatic disease, then compared to controls and disease-free patients. Additionally, a recent study provided evidence that co-expression of CXCR5 and CXCL13 showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and independently, CXCL13 had EMT-inducing potential (El Haibi, 2010). Taken together, these findings suggest the CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling axis contr ibutes to the aggressive phenotype of breast cancer (BrCa). The central research questions of this project focus on determining the mechanisms and molecules responsible for differences in tumor biology of young BrCa patients and how these mechanisms and molecules contribute to poor BrCa prognosis. The purpose of this study is to characterize the molecular phenotype of (BrCa) in the context of Chemokine Receptor 5 (CXCR5), Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL13), and associated gene expression. This study is novel as uses a bioinformatic approach and gene enrichment analyses to identify the specific molecules and mechanisms responsible for the aggressive phenotype of BrCa, especially in young and early stage BrCa patients. These two unique populations account for a high proportion of BrCa cases and are also associated with unfavorable prognosis. The results from this study have the potential to benefit young and early stage BrCa patients as it will serve as a new predictive factor and therapeutic target for young and early stage BrCa patients. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide (American Cancer Society, 2018). Several targeted and adjuvant therapies exist for estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal receptor-2 (HER-2) positive breast cancers. Currently there are no targeted therapies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), which lacks the three main receptors used to characterize breast cancer subtypes; estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal receptor-2 (HER-2). Despite new developments in early detection and treatments, approximately 5% of women diagnosed with BrCa in the US will develop metastatic disease at the time of first presentation (EBCTCG, 2005). Additionally, another 30% of women with early-stage, non-metastatic BrCa at diagnosis will develop distant metastatic disease that is not curable (EBCTCG, 2005). Additional predictive markers and new drug targets are needed to prolong s urvival and improve the quality of life for BrCa patients. Panse et al revealed levels of CXCR5 and CXCL13 are elevated in serum and overexpressed by tumor tissue in metastatic BrCa patients. The long-term goal of this study is to further characterize the molecular phenotype of BrCa in the context of CXCR5, CXCL13, and associated gene expression. We hypothesize the CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling axis contributes to the aggressive phenotype of BrCa. A bioinformatic approach will be used to aid in characterizing this new drug target for BrCa. Our patient cohort (1,049 female patients of Caucasian, African American, Latin American, and Asian/Pacific Island descent, age 35-82, diagnosed with ductal and lobular carcinoma ) will be obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). All patients within the cohort have verification of informed consent and IRB approval. Differential Expression Sequencing (DESeq) analysis will be performed to identify genes differentially expressed among primary tumor and matched normal, solid tissue groups. Weighted Gene Network Co-expression (WGCNA) analysis will be performed to identify modules of co-expressed which will be correlated to factors influencing BrCa prognosis, such as age at diagnosis, TNM staging, race, menopausal status, breast cancer subtype, and survival time. Finally, canonical pathway, upstream regulator, and gene interaction analysis will be performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Our findings suggest CXCR5, CXCL13, and associated genes driving tertiary lymphoid structure formation, is present in BrCa, may serve as a predictive factor, and a new therapeutic target. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The long-term goal of this study is to further characterize the molecular phenotype of BrCa in the context of CXCR5, CXCL13, and associated gene expression. We hypothesize the CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling axis contributes to the aggressive phenotype of BrCa. The objective of this study is to identify the molecules that contribute to the aggressive phenotype of BrCa in silico. METHODOLOGY Data Collection and Normalization The data used in this study will be obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Clinical and RNA-seq data, for a total of 1049 female patients of Caucasian, African American, Latin American, and Asian/Pacific Island descent, age 35-82, diagnosed with ductal and lobular breast cancer carcinomas will be obtained. All patients within the cohort have verification of informed consent and IRB approval. Detecting Low counts, Batch Effect Correction, and Removal of Outliers A minor limitation of RNA-Seq analysis is the presence of missing expression counts, which alters the distribution of the population. Due to this limitation, normalized counts for all 1,049 patients with 26,000 protein coding genes will be log2 transformed (expression value+1) to create a standard normal distribution. Genes possessing greater than 50% zero counts will be removed to prevent a skewed distribution and remaining genes will be filtered by a standard deviation of 1. We predict that between 5,000-8,000 protein coding genes will be analyzed for batch (center) effect. Using ComBat algorithm, batch effect correction will be applied to detect variance from a total of 52 sequencing centers that contributed to the TCGA BRCA dataset. ComBat, an Empirical Bayes method in the Bioconductor SVA package, will be used to remove all outliers. Detection of Differentially Expressed Genes among Primary Tumor and Matched Normal Samples using DESeq Differential Expression Sequencing (DESeq) is a free software package in R that detects genes that are differentially expressed between two groups. In this study, we will detect genes that are differentially expressed between 113 primary tumor and 113 matched normal samples. Normalized counts for approximately 26,000 genes will be used to determine differential expression. Identification of modules associated with different stages of breast cancer primary tumors using WGCNA Between 5,000 and 8,000 genes will be entered into Weighted Gene Co-Expression Analysis (WGCNA) software. WGCNA is a free software package in R that extracts information on single genes from large scale gene expression profiles, across all patient samples, and uses this information to construct gene network modules of co-expressed genes. These co-expressed genes will be built on a manual threshold power of 6. Modules containing co-expressed genes have the potential to be associated with specific clinical traits. Association is based on a scale of 0-1 with an alpha of 0.05. Network calculation will allow for the identification of a module(s) of genes highly co-expressed with Chemokine Receptor 5 (CXCR5) and Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL13) and strongly correlated with clinical traits, such as age at diagnosis, TNM staging, race, menopausal status, breast cancer subtype, and survival time. Functional Enrichment analysis of genes within each module using IPA Following WGCNA, a network module(s) will be identified for functional enrichment containing genes co-expressed with CXCR5 and CXCL13. Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) will be used to elucidate the biological roles of genes inside modules of co-expressed genes. Often modules contain co-expressed genes that contain co-regulated genes, with similar biological functions. These modules of co-expressed genes regulate epigenetic features downstream of particular transcription factors. Genes with high connectivity will be pooled together and IPA will be used to perform an analysis that shows the canonical pathway of selected module hubs. Upstream Regulator Analysis using IPA The Upstream Regulator analysis feature in IPA will be used to identify the biological function of significantly associated gene co-expression module(s) to BrCa stage. Co-expressed genes in this module will most likely be regulated by the same or similar upstream regulators, including transcription factors. We will identify the upstream transcriptional regulators in each module with a p-value of overlap